Physics textbooks describe the proton as a subatomic particle that contains three quarks, bound together by elementary particles known as gluons. ![]() Source: AAAS/EDA/ONS The proton’s intrinsic charm European defence spending is still far overshadowed by that in the United States. For decades, the three countries had been reducing their spending as they increasingly relied for their protection on the umbrella of NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), along with partnerships with the United States and the unlikelihood of war in Europe. The United Kingdom, which is no longer in the European Union, is the region’s other major funder. France currently spends the most (€5.6 billion US$5.6 billion), followed by Germany, according to the European Defence Agency in Brussels. Three countries account for the bulk of Europe’s defence R&D. ![]() Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February has stirred European interest in ploughing more money into defence research and development (R&D).
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